Child rearing behavior (of parents, guardians, or other primary caregivers) involving the amount of control over a child's activities and behavior and the degree of nurturance of the child. Prior to 2004, the Identifiers "Authoritarian Parenting," "Authoritative Parenting," "Democratic Parenting," "Disciplinary Styles," "Permissiveness," and "Nurturance" may also have been used to index this concept.