“The term bibliography can have two definitions: there is bibliography itself, an activity,, and there is a bibliography, the product of this activity. Bibliographies generally belong to two groups, one concerned with the listing of books and other documents, the other concerned primarily with the study of books as physical objects. … It includes two specialities called systematic and enumerative bibliography … The second group is concerned with the study of books as physical objects … The several overlapping specialities in this side of the field include analytical bibliography, concerned with the ways in which specific books as physical objects were produced; textual bibliography, which uses these findings in the important work of establishing authenticity of content; and historical bibliography, which considers the relationships between a civilization and its books …. [The two groups} usefully come together … most conspicuously in descriptive bibliography, concerned with the specification of particulars, based on the methods of analytical bibliography. (Krummel 1984, 4-5). “It was around 1439 that Gutenberg created the mechanisms for printing from movable type that were to revolutionize the printing of books. We are looking, then, at the flowering of the marketplace for books only a bit more than a century after this remarkable invention. It was the need of the marketplace that drove the development of more sophisticated forms of bibliography. (Smiraglia 2014a, 35) “By the middle of the twentieth century Clapp ( 1950 ) was writing that bibliography was one of the arts of communication found at a second level of utterance, treating prior records of communication, and in need of patterns of effective arrangement …. In the same volume, Jesse Shera and Margaret Egan referred to social role of bibliography as part of the problem of inter and between group communication (1950, 17)(Smiraglia 2014a, 40).