The term waste avoidance and minimisation is pretty well self explanatory. Although shown as options in the waste management hierarchy, these are really pollution prevention measures rather than waste management measures. As the term suggests, waste avoidance is avoiding generating waste in the first place. This is clearly the most preferable option. All industrial processes generate waste as none can ever be 100% efficient. Sometimes, however, it is possible to change an industrial process to avoid generating a particular type of waste.